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     ON THE ACCUMULATIVE EFFECT OF GRAVITATIONAL RELATIVITY
     SPACE COLLAPSE, LEADING TO APPARENT 'RED SHIFTING'
     OF PHOTON FREQUENCIES OVER LONG DISTANCES
     ACTUALLY CAUSED BY 'RED STRETCHING'
     WHERE DISTANCES BETWEEN POINT
     SOURCES IN THE UNIVERSE
     REMAIN THE SAME BUT
     SPACE AROUND EACH
     POINT SOURCE IS
     CONTRACTED BY
     GRAVITY
     ______________________


Abstract:
'Red shift' of light radiating through the universe is thought to
result from expansion between point sources after a big bang. This
expansion has been modelled upon 'raisins in the cake' in which
individual raisins in a cake (galaxies and galaxy clusters) grow
farther apart as a raisin cake is baked and expands. 'Red stretch'
(a proposal) can be said to be where point sources remain in the
same universal positions but distance between point sources
increases due to a contraction in the space around the point source
and contraction of the point source radii caused by relativisitc
effects in the gravity of each point source

Main reference:  RELATIVE.TXT  in the  ECLIPSE.HTM  home page.
More reference:  RAISIN.TXT    in the  ECLIPSE.HTM  home page.
More reference:  MODEL.TXT     in the  ECLIPSE.HTM  home page.
More reference:  ATOM.HTM      in the  ECLIPSE.HTM  home page.
More reference:  PERFECT.TXT   in the  ECLIPSE.HTM  home page.


See:
SPACE IS ASSUMED OTHERWISE - A BIG BANG RED SHIFT EXPLANATION ?
in the  PERFECT.TXT  file, for suggestive thoughts on a shrinking
of fundamental space due to unique effects of gravity relativity
shrinking the diameter of stars and galaxies, and shrinking local
space surrounding stars and galaxies. For example, the light from
an occluding star has been seen to bend toward the rim of our Sun,
but realize that the star can be in space anywhere behind a sphere
surrounding the Sun, which means the whole of the sphere of space
surrounding the Sun is gravitationally active relativistically, in
which the gravity attracts photon energy toward the gravity (bending).

Another interpretation is that the space itself is slightly 'smaller',
due to relativistic space contraction caused by the gravity of the Sun
(a star) whose radius ergo 'cross sectional diameter' is slightly smaller
than it would be in a rest state situation (if no gravity relativisitic
effects were occuring). The space contraction also reaches out a short
distance beyond the radius. The relativistic effects of gravity on mass
and space fall off quickly beyond the source of the gravitational power
(star) causing the effects.

In the following, concider that gravity of a star or mass object
can relativistically influence the star's own rest mass and radius,
increasing the mass, contracting the radius. These conditions are
discussed at mathematical length in the paper RELATIVE.TXT.

Also in the following, concider the phrase 'gravitational relativity'
as specific reference to general relativity effects caused by the
gravity of a local source such as our Sun, to distinguish
any relativitistic effects on the Sun's rest state
mass and radius from more generalized conditions
unassumed in 'general relativity' theory -
'general' relativity de-emphasized
in favor of 'gravitational'
relativity, in the
following.

THE FOLLOWING

If space is slightly contracted around each star, and each galaxy, it
means the actual space between each object (star, and galaxy) is slightly
longer from radius rim to radius rim of each object and from each point
of center, the extra length equal in exact, to the amount of intrinsic
spacial contraction relativistically by each object's gravity effect.
<BR><BR>

It seems that light travelling through 'contracted' space between each
point of center can have no consequence but be seen to be travelling
a slightly longer length of space, an effect (longer length) that
accumulates the further away and the more gravitationally space
collapsed points of center between distant objects and an
observer (us at Earth). The consequence would appear as
a lengthening of photon wavelengths toward the red,
accumulating into more and more 'red shift'
effect the farther the view outward
from us into the universe. It
would seem, to the unaided
brain, that the photon
radiations are 'red
shifting' due to
increasing distance
between universal parts as
time goes on, as if the parts were
receeding from each other. In a more enlightened
view in which gravitational relativity contracting of space
around each object inexorably increases the length of space between
far objects, space itself does not have to be expanding for a 'red
shift' in electromagnetic frequencies to be seen. Some, if not
all, apparent 'big bang' red shift might instead be due
to accumulative gravitational collapse of the space
surrounding all gravitational point sources seen
when looking toward the edge of the universe.
<BR><BR>


GRAVITY RELATIVITY SWITCHED OFF - GRAVITY RELATIVITY SWITCHED ON

Here
is a crude
and exaggerated
example. The Sun is sitting
there, in space, it's gravity working
away on its own. You the observer are out here
at Earth admiring the Sun. At the Sun there is no 'space'
collapse due to general relativity, since 'general relativity theory'
calls for none. The Sun at this moment is in a 'rest state' situation,
and everything is normal according to astrophysical cosmic theories
about stars and the gravity of stars. Now, switch on the Sun's
gravitational relativistic effect. (This would be akin in
a crude analogy to viewing an object at rest then the
object suddenly travelling at (say) 95 percent of
the speed of light - instantly the object's
appearance will change, due to the
sudden switching on of special
relativistic effects due
to the velocity).
This is akin
to saying
that          ATOMIC CONSTANTS ARE DUE TO RELATIVITY STEADY STATE EFFECTS
the total
energy in an
electron in rest
state Bohr orbit around
a proton is the electron's rest
state mass energy (ev given in Mev's) plus
its binding (given in ev's), the binding energy a
direct consequence of special relativistic transformation
in a 'steady state' situation upon the electron's own rest state
mass due to the electron's own velocity in rest state orbit
in the Hydrogen atom. This subject is covered
in detail in the  'ATOM.TXT' file.
Now, back to the Sun.
When switched
on the Sun's
changes from
gravity can be
said to suddenly
turn on, converting
the Sun's properties and
appearance from gravitational rest
state, to gravitational relativity status.
Instantly, the Sun's mass increases by a slight amount.
Accrueing directly from a gravitational relativity increase
upon rest mass (mass of the Sun in rest state mode), the mass increase
is roughly 4.226 x 10 to 27 grms, exactly the mass difference between
Venus and Mars, when the Sun's mass is 1.990993 x 10 to 33 grms.
This subject is covered in detail in the paper RELATIVE.TXT.
In the sudden switch-on, the Sun's radius collapses by a
slight amount, say roughly by about 14 kilometers.
It means at this instant that the same light
coming from the Sun to us at Earth
(observer) must now travel an
additional 14 klicks to
reach us in the same
8 minute interval
of time. The
only way
this                       RED SHIFT vrs RED STRETCH
can happen
is for the light
frequency to slightly
stretch, 'red shifting'. The
effect accumulates. Assume all stars
are 'relativistically' switched on in excited
mode beyond rest state, between here and the universe
edge, since each star is sitting in a point of center surrounded
by a collapsed space of its own making, the effect of that 14 klick
shift toward 'red wavelength' in light coming from our Sun increases
more and more as more and more stars add their 'contraction' on
space to the photon's path toward us. The accumulating effect
is greater where giant great stars, and galactic mass
concentrations, increase the 'contraction' on
original (rest state) space substantially.
Unlike 'big bang' red shift concepts
which basically are one formula
gauged by the Hubble Constant,
the accumulative effect of
gravitational relativity
collapse upon space is
nobby and lumpy at
best conditional
entirely on
clumping
and clustering
of matter in deep space,
the effect gradually seeming to smear
and smooth out the farther and farther away from
us observing at Earth, where less clumping and clustering
of matter in lumpy forms is perceptable to us due to longer far
reaching distances across deep space toward the edge of the universe
where our view dims out there. A final limit is reached where light
'stretching' across such great expanses of 'contracted' space
is stretched too far to remain coherent, and becomes a
background blurr of very seeming constant
frequency (microwave background
radiation which may be light
coming from so far away
it has become
incoherent
so that
the
background
radiation is the
limit at which we (observer)
can see to an edge in the universe.
Current 'red shift' theories which are used
to measure cosmic distances to distant cosmic areas
might be in part illusional due to the input of the gravitational
relativity effecting a 'red stretch' of the light. For instance to a
nearby cluster of galaxies (the Virgo Cluster), or to the large Coma
Cluster, or to the extra gigantic ensemble of galaxies known as
the Perseus Galaxy Cluster, each being a different mass
density conglomerate per confined unit of area is
substantially different in its 'red stretch'
signals in light leaving each cluster
or passing through it. For instance
the Perseus Cluster may seem
farther away when seen
as a distance caused
by big bang 'red
shift' but may
in fact be
much closer
since some if not
all of the 'red shift' is
actually 'red stretch' caused as
relativistically by the cluster's massive
gravity. If this is true, 'missing mass' in the
universe may be an illusion more in the form of 'missing
distance', rather than mass. In the 'missing distance' scene
the masses are all much closer to each other, galaxy per
galaxy and cluster to cluster (and star per star
within galaxies), in which case the masses,
actually closer together as rest state
point sources, may be not so missing
after all.



Reference papers cited:

PERFECT.TXT
RELATIVE.TXT
ATOM.TXT

These are listed in the  ECLIPSE.HTM  home page.



Determining a Venus-Mars mass connection to the
Sun's relativistic rest state mass increase, is
specifically detailed under:
                            ' VERIFYING A MASS OF MM FOR THE SUN '
in the RELATIVE.TXT file.



Greydon Moore
October, 2000.
greydon@look.com