HIGHER SPEED
A possible contributor to higher speed in the outer areas of galaxies
is not missing mass but perhaps includes the fact of 'thinner'
inner matter even though the inner matter is denser and far more energetic,
it actually concaves toward the center making it thinner than uniform
2D full flat pancake thin suggests.
For example think of the eye that is Ngc 1512, as shells partially
enclosing a textured cavity with a pearl exposed at center, the shell's
thick curved walls arcing up and curling down, ergo thinner in total at
the center. How 'thinness' effects true amount of gravity power, may be
seen in this virtual stereo of the coils
of M51 and notice how the center is far down in the distantly focused
winding of a cylander whose vortex is made
of incredible coiling arms widening outward rapidly expanding toward
our view. Thoughts like these easily come to mind. Even if incorrect
or even bonehead - at least a sincere attempt is being made.
The above home-enhanced Ngc 1512 images are not meant as a
criticism of Nasa. Think instead these are meant as tips to
home enthusiasts and astronomers as to how they might better
see an image well packed with hidden dim media content, and
to use stereo (equivalent to anaglyphs made from a single image)
to get a grasp on the image object's true topology status.
For instance all flat pancake and flat disk (like rings of Saturn)
theories about galaxy spirals go instantly right out the window.
Such theories are useless. 2 dimensional construct 'laws' cannot
make sense in galaxy physics.
3D ANAGLYPHS FROM MONO PHOTOGRAPHS
There is a world wide cluster of enthusiasts actively making 3D
anaglyphs from mono photos of themselves and anything that interests
them. Techniques for pulling forth better stereo from the mono image
anaglyphs are being shared on the Net worldwide. I cite these enthusiasts
as confirmation of stereo (3D) in astronomy images, for what it is worth
I had been doing astronomy 3D's for three years before seeing a mono
anaglyph, this was of the Toronto city skyline in which (from a single
mono photo), all details of the Toronto skyline were perfectly correct,
the only fault being the 3D was less than stark, not as if being there
seeing the skyline in full total two separate photos binnocular stereo 3D.
Here is a 3D anaglyph of a small dog walking up a street in a suburb of
Ottawa. Everything that is 3D in the anaglyph is correct (view with red
and green stereo glasses). I made this from a single mono photo taken by
a cheap 110 mm camera. Even though details are blurred in the anaglyph
creation process it is clear that stereoscopic content is contained in
the mono photo.
How this is possible is covered here,
where virtual stereo principles are more readily understood via a deeper
understanding of how stereo principles work, and
here going indepth on how optical illusions work.
Click on the dog stereo image for large version.
To repeat, the dog photo stereo was made by me from a single mono
photo, not two photos snapped side by side by a camera with two
lens, the camera I had used had only one single lens its one single
mono print was handed back to me by the film processing kiosk. If any
researcher has not got the stack that the mono photo was nono, that
researcher is not ever going to get the stack that the world is
not flat.
FIRST GALAXY IN VIRTUAL STEREO
The first galaxy image I saw in home made stereo (circ. Nov. 1996)
is this, Ngc 2997, and believe me after a first visionary blast like
this there is no looking back, flat plane galaxy notions seemed silly.
The Ngc 2997 image is harder to focus comfortably in stereo in that
earlier virtual stereo techniques by me believed horizontal and vertical
dimensions of the image had to be somewhat disproportionate in order
for stereo to be revealed. Later it was found that a more minimum
disportionate staging of the two images could produce better stereo. It
was the fact that the right arm arced to the rear then abruptly jogged
foreward which most caused the creative juices to gush in a rush.
Here is a rotated view in stereo of the inner region and core of
Ngc 2997, showing how a vortex spirals
inward toward a small focus deeply recessed in the center. Actually
the recess is central matter being squeezed (pinched) by gravity
forces at the core, increasing the mass density, of course, but
diminishing the mass quantity by large amounts.
On the other hand, given the sheer scope and majesty of a galaxy
such as this (next) in its 'vortexing' structure, concider how much
more mass resides in the galaxy as a whole in view of arms which
also have long winding (vortexing) lengths instead of mere apparent
flat cross sectional dimension only.
ANOTHER VORTEXING GALAXY
Galaxy Ngc 5236 (M83) is another 'vortexing' galaxy stretched out along
a long Z axis in deep space. For more on the 'jet engine'
spewing out of the cowling opening at the top where the arm seems
to abruptly jog, but doesn't, click here.
Jet engines are residues of smaller galaxies which have sailed around
or through a larger galaxy, as the above 'jet engine'
link will explain.
Even though grainy as hell, this next image serves well to illustrate
just how thick Ngc 5236 actually is, so, add
more mass to the mass already learned from analysing it's open cannister
vortex shape in deep space. As is instantly seen
Ngc 5236 is wrapped by dimly luminant ghost arms which extend the
object well beyond its normally viewed optically brighter parts, and so
form part of its superstructure.
The vortexing stretched out canister shape of such galaxies would not
easily be inferred even sometime future until
doppler red/blue shift velocity analysis was developed to an extreme
high state of the art where interpretation
would yield a cannister dramatically stretched out in space along a
Z axis. Home made stereo using easy to stage image overlays, can
show you the true shape in an instant.
ASTRONOMY APPLICATIONS
In terms of astronomy, a stereo view made by overlay does not
need to be 3D full strength, all it needs do is indicate enough to know
that arms wind in vertical as well as horizontal planes and to see how
rarely an arm follows a continual plane, most arms are in polar pairs on
either side of a core, and their planes torque in ways well modelled by
a twisted cotter pin, or twisted
pretzel.
Galaxies with multiple arms are often the result of
collisions which absorb arms and use them where the arms have not been
mutually dissolved in the collision processes.
NGC 1365, the 'bar' galaxy, winds huge distances out through
depth-worthy deep space, and joins itself, in an exceptionally
self evident demonstration of 'twisted cotter pin' arm paths.
These highly enhanced color toned views of bar galaxy Ngc 1365
show that it has more than a simple two-arm 'bar' structure and
also excellently shows what a twisted cotter pin
topology really means.
View this Ngc 1365 image pair in stereo (overlay)
to see how extremely the two main arms are each on their own horizon
plane relative to each other and to the core area.
A MULTIPLE ARM GALAXY
Here is a galaxy Ngc 2276 with multiple
arms, at first confusing, until it is realized these are the result of
collision, perhaps more than two galaxies have merged. The arms are
actually 'elbow arms' jutting out in
space forming an array.
An elbow arm is one which results from collision and has a
rather long straight thin extension beyond an initial sharp elbow jog,
the elbow jog seemingly formed when an interracting smaller galaxy abruptly
leaves its entanglement with the arm. In the case of 2276 what size
galaxy or galaxies were involved in the formula for arm formation,
is not instantly apparent.
MANUAL OVERLAY 3D TECHNIQUE CAN SUBSTANTIALLY IMPROVE
A VIEW OF A GALAXY
For instance the blurry Ngc 2276 image above reveals another likeable
feature of virtual stereo viewing, this is that
weak or blurry features can 'even out' into much better clarities
in that the two-image mono pair merging positively, reinforces positive
contents in the image.
PEAKS AND VALLEYS
For example, in the next pair, a green enhanced M101 view at the
left has some inner detail, just. A more strongly enhanced green
image of M10 beside it, has all inner features obliterated but
more traces in the far outskirts are seen. Then the two are
merged, inner features are seen, and the outskirts features
are amplified beyond what is seen in either image, because
of positive re-enforcement intensifying peaks and squelching
valleys in the image's trapped photon matrixes.
It means valleys are often false inputs from camera and print, etc.
Positive peaks, when intensified, overwhelm any false positives also
inputted into the image from outside sources such as camera and print.
Nice Virtual stereo bonuses free for the taking, we do not have to
do any work to get the bonuses.
Here is a large view of M101 showing its two
distinct elbow arms. Interpreting features such as this is difficult
without the assistence of virtual stereo even at minimum value of 3D to
read the 3D clues and so have an insight that works as an idea. As already
said, 2D interpretations of galaxies and their arm forming properties are
meaningless. Flat planes do not exist in galaxies.
Notice in the large M101 view again, that
faint moire patterns can be seen around M101. These are gravitic seas.
Gravitic waves surrounding M101 as seas of gravity
'energies' are included in thumbnails menued
here, featured here 1 and
here 2.
PLATENS
Another important 3D clue (still needing interpretation) is when arms
extend from a vertically aligned 'platen' which is a round or oval flat
faced disk, for instance in the case of Ngc 2276 at
least one vertical platen of large size is below the core in the region
to the left of the elbow arms.
'Platens' can be seen in many many
galaxies, once you have seen a 'platen' in a galaxy image you will
recognize them all over the place in images of galaxies.
For instance 'platens' in Bodes galaxy M81
(next) seem the result of former collisions whose existence helps to
explain many otherwise mysterious features of Bodes galaxy. In the
above Bodes link, the platens are described as
snubs resulting after collisions and are associated with prominant
v-breaches in Bodes galaxy, all telltales that Bodes has had collisions
(perhaps several collisions of different kinds and sizes).
Read all of the above Bodes galaxy link to learn quickly many
intriguing characteristics of galaxies in general.
3D says the giant vertical oval protruding out on the ascending left
side against deep space is a platen therefore a telltale smoking gun
that Ngc 2997 (next) has had a significant collision, perhaps more than
one.
NEXT
A platen in the making (left below core deck) is being formed where a
jet engine dollop spoots at high speed into
the open. A jet engine dollop is seen leaving the galaxy body of
Ngc 4603.
Try this link - a hercules among jet engines is seen leaving the inner
center area of M101.
NEXT
A faded giant platen in the upper right flank of
Ngc 5236 is where a more ancient former major spoot has faded, perhaps
become smoothed over time.
CREATING AN ELBOW ARM
A good example of an elbow arm in creation takes us back to one of the
super green views shown further above, a small
galaxy is seen leaving the near end of the upper long thin
'antenna' arm, just now in the process of having just formed an elbow
arm 'jog'.
THE NEXT IMAGE IS M51
The long corkscrewing tail trailing behind Boris
(the small galaxy) may be a vague 'antenna' arm in the process of being
formed as seething gravititational contradictions spin some of the matter
out on a common vector propulsed by coherent angular momentums which spin
the matter stream out of the claws of central gravity. If matter is shooting
out of a pole this would then be essentially a 'jet', made possible when
a galaxy's central core poles are clean of matter in the core's thin
'pinch', and suddenly is presented with dirty matter drifting at the
pole the dirty matter of course on the move due to imminent or actual
collision with the nearby second source of gravity.
If a black hole is residing in the center of Boris the hole's field
strength need not be strong enough to bear dirty matter along the
flows of the field out to long distances, rather the pole strength
need only be enough to alter the particle spins of the dirty matter
crowding over the pole the coherent spins then becoming vectored as
resultant angular momentums, which may also help explain why Boris's
dirty stream is corkscrewing meaning there are two main forces at
the pole causing two mutually excepted vectors of spin one the
outflow, the other the spin around the axis of the outthrow.
Except, this corkscrew is the only one seen so far in my white water
rapids tours through galaxy images, so, elbow arm in the making may not
be correct for signifying the corkscrew, the corkscrew's signal is out
there in the wild, on its own.
HISTOGRAM EQUALIZE
And finally back to the main stage.
Histogram Equalize adjustor in a home PC (Windows 98) graphics
editor has been extensively used in preparing these pages to explore
images for hidden contents, the Histogram adjustment typically producing
images with washed out, or blanked details, nevertheless can reveal at
once how much faint radiancy was captured in the image's dim or (hidden)
media contents.
An excellent example is a
Chandra X-ray telescope release in June 2001. Shown in the triptic
strip (3 views) are the original, a version enhanced by +400 points in
Gamma Correction, and a third version (right) enhanced by Histogram
Equalize, the result having a dominant grey wash then reostated back
by about -50 points in Gamma Density to remove some of the grey wash.
It can be seen at once that Ngc 253 swells to enormous size well
beyond the optical original (black and white left), but, the main
outer shells are too weak in the dim media content of this photo to
have detail, the enormous super structure's greater galactic reach is
revealed in outlines only. The good news is that an image like this
3-view composite may be shocking to astronomers who believe the
optical island (left) is all there is. Knowing this is false,
it is easier to plan a thorough look at the whole of the
superstructure. Click on above 3 view
composite image to see a larger version.
CLick for large view of Ngc 253 showing a
surface which almost seems to be boiling.
Click for enhancement showing larger galaxy bulk.
COMMENT
A 'purpose' differs from an 'abstract', in showing why things have
been done, rather than stating in brief what is done and the results.
CANOPIES
How come galaxy portions smooth into an even surface is not immediately
answered. Smooth amourphous less-luminant canopy-like surfaces are
often found, for instance in colliders
Ngc 3314 and Ngc 5128.
Virtual stereo reveals Ngc 5128 is a partial elliptical galaxy in that
the matter above the center chism is very choatic and not at all gathered
in a smooth round bulge. In fact the whole body is substantially sloped
rearground to foreground (lower half). Images at
this link explore long drawn out elongations found in the Ngc 5128
superstructure.
For a second look at serious formations which can be found
inside so-called elliptical galaxies, have a look at these
views of elliptical galaxy Ngc 4526,
enhancements at this link go to the heart of symmetry topologies.
The Ngc 1512 collision may be no-miss the disk face
of one coming from behind into the open face of another, arms along a
common plane from each galaxy soothing each other out, rubbing away both
arm's features into smooth cowlings, like kinked snowflakes joining face
to face and both now sailing forward on out into the room beyond the left
corridor.
Could the sheeting rising in vertically oriented edge-on drapes
have 'canopy' appearance if the colliding galaxies were seen
from the side.
An accumulating interest in canopies has its own
page.
Greydon Moore, Ottawa, 2001.
Web site/display/designs/image enhancements - Greydon Moore 
Fast crash course in astronomy